Universit�� Jean Moulin Lyon 3_澳门银河的网站多少

The Conversation | French nuclear deterrence for Europe: how effective could it be against Russia?_澳门银河的网站多少

webmaster@univ-lyon3.fr (webmaster web-lyon3) — Sun, 09 Mar 2025 23:00:00 GMT

Beno?t Gr��mare, Universit�� Jean Moulin Lyon 3

In February?2020, French President Emmanuel Macron said it was time to reflect on the European dimension of French nuclear deterrence. He proposed a strategic dialogue as well as joint nuclear exercises between European partners. Five years later, Germany��s likely next chancellor, Friedrich Merz, responded to this call, advocating an extension of the French nuclear umbrella to Germany �C while a US led by President Donald Trump no longer appears to be a reliable partner for protecting Europe.

But does France have the capacity to defend Europe? Would the deployment of the French nuclear umbrella in Eastern Europe make Europe strategically autonomous, giving it the means to defend itself independently?

French nuclear deterrence against the Russian threat

France originally developed its nuclear arsenal in response to the threat of Soviet invasion and to avoid any dependence on the US. According to a stable doctrine that political leaders regularly reaffirmed, the state [would use] its strategic arsenal by air and submarine in the event of an attack against its vital interests.

But the fact remains that without US support, the balance of power appears largely unfavourable to France, which has a total of 290 nuclear warheads compared to at least 1,600 deployed warheads and nearly 2,800 stockpiled warheads on the Russian side.

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Certainly, the explosive power of thermonuclear warheads, combined with the range of the French M51 strategic sea-to-land ballistic missile, would make it possible to destroy the main Russian cities, including Moscow.

However, the Russians would only need ��200 seconds to atomise Paris��, according to an estimate given on Russian television about ��Satan II�� thermonuclear missiles.

These scenarios recall the spectre of adversaries destroying enemy cities in a piecemeal atomic exchange, in which Russia could rely on its vastness to win through attrition. This potential for reciprocity must be kept in mind amid the mutual bet of nuclear deterrence.

To boost the impact of French nuclear deterrence, a partnership could be envisaged with the United Kingdom. A nuclear power since 1952, London now only has ballistic missiles launched by submarine and has decided, since Brexit, to increase its arsenal to 260 warheads. But although they share common interests, these two European nuclear powers are not equivalent.

Unlike the UK, which is a member of NATO��s nuclear planning group and whose warheads are designed in the US, France produces its weapons on its own territory and is not subject to any NATO obligations. This gives Paris a great deal of leeway in defining its doctrine. France can also speak on behalf of the European Union, of which it has been a part since its creation.

French nuclear power: an alternative to US deterrence

France officially became an atomic power in 1960 by relying on its own resources, with US support fluctuating according to events. The emergence of an independent French strategic force long annoyed Washington, which sought to restrict it by means of international accords such as the 1963 treaty limiting atmospheric nuclear tests and the 1968 Non-Proliferation Treaty. Since 1974, the French nuclear force has officially had a specific dissuasive role within NATO, contributing to the overall security of the transatlantic alliance by complicating the calculations of potential adversaries.

Almost 60?years ago, US president Lyndon Johnson reinforced doubts about the White House��s determination to fully commit to the defence of Europe. Today, Trump��s desire to end US support for Ukraine confirms these suspicions. Consequently, increasingly insistent voices are calling for the acceptance of a French nuclear force that would extend to the European level.

A French nuclear umbrella in Eastern Europe

Merz��s call for the French nuclear umbrella to extend to Germany aligns with Paris��s proposal to establish a dialogue involving Europeans in a common approach. As France��s defence minister has pointed out, the precise definition of vital interest is up to its president. However, the use of nuclear weapons to protect Europe requires a strategic discussion to define the power to be acquired, the interests to be defended and the method of nuclear fire command.

Moving toward a Europeanisation of nuclear force means increasing deterrent capabilities and, therefore, expanding the French arsenal so it can respond to threats affecting all 27 EU member states. This would require the creation of additional stocks of fissile material and the reactivation of production plants in Pierrelatte and Marcoule, which were dismantled in the late 1990s.

Dogma about what constitutes a sufficient arsenal must also be questioned. If 290 nuclear warheads represent the value that France places on defending its existence, this price seems to neglect the scale of the European continent, and logic confirms it: continent-sized nuclear powers such as the US and Russia �C and soon, China �C are deploying an arsenal of around 1,000 thermonuclear warheads.

Ramping up power would take time and require a budgetary effort to increase the number of missiles and carrier aircraft. In addition to the construction of new infrastructure in European partner countries, the cost could exceed �10?billion per year, not including indirect costs related to maintenance and logistics. This is a lot to take into account, especially since the political and strategic offer of extended nuclear protection evolves according to circumstances.

Until now, Germany preferred that France assume a role that was simply complementary to the extended deterrence of the US, but Washington��s threatened abandonment of Ukraine increases the Russian threat. As Macron has indicated, France could respond by proposing the pre-positioning of its nuclear forces in Eastern European countries with the idea of eventually replacing the US.

This French nuclear umbrella would give concrete form to European strategic autonomy through the deployment of nuclear-capable combat aircraft, a sign of European political solidarity that would make Moscow��s calculations more difficult.

The visible presence of these aircraft in Eastern Europe could prevent Russia from attacking countries in the region with conventional means, as such an attack could provoke a French nuclear response on behalf of Europe.

Beno?t Gr��mare, Chercheur associ�� l'Institut d'Etudes de Strat��gie et de D��fense, Universit�� Jean Moulin Lyon 3

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University awarded the Sustainable Development and Social Responsibility (SD&SR) certification_澳门银河的网站多少

communication@univ-lyon3.fr (com web-com) — Mon, 03 Feb 2025 23:00:00 GMT

The success of our application validates the proactive nature of our policy, which has led the Board of Governors to adopt the SD-SER (sustainable development and social and environmental responsibility) Master Plan, setting concrete and quantifiable objectives for training students and staff and reducing our environmental footprint.

For Gilles Bonnet, President of Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University:
This award is both a great recognition and a valuable encouragement, validating and rewarding the work of our University School of Ecological Transition and the mobilisation of the entire university community, students, staff, services, component entities and laboratories. The award underlines the quality of our university��s commitments to ecological transition, reflected in our placement as the leading French university in the UI GreenMetric 2024 ranking.
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About the award

The SD&SR �C Sustainable Development and Social Responsibility �C award for higher education was created in 2015. It stems from the collective work of around ten universities and grandes ��coles, the Conference of Grandes ?coles (CGE), the Conference of University Presidents (CPU), the Ministry for Sustainable Development, the Ministry for Higher Education and the Student Network for an Ecological and Solidarity-Based Society (RESES).

It provides national and international recognition for the sustainable development and social responsibility initiatives of French higher education and research institutions. It also enables institutions to develop their skills as part of a group of institutions that are committed to participating in the award committee and in auditing candidate institutions.

? Find out more

? Focus on the award �C French Ministry of Higher Education and Research website

? Cirses - National network of SD&SR managers

Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University receives the France 2030 ��AMI SHS�� (call for expressions of interest in research programmes in the humanities & social sciences)_澳门银河的网站多少

communication@univ-lyon3.fr (com web-com) — Mon, 03 Feb 2025 23:00:00 GMT

The list of the six research consortia selected has just been made public by the French Government. Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University, the recipient of several awards, is a member of three of the six consortia: ��D��moCIS: the evolution of democracies��, ��ReligiS: religions�� and ��FORESEE: the consequences of climate change��, which will each receive 9 million euros.

This unprecedented and exceptional success for Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University reflects the dynamism of the institution��s research laboratories and researchers. The application, led by Isabelle Delpla, Vice-President for Research, required months of work and cooperation with universities, grandes ��coles and research organisations.

Gilles Bonnet, President of Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University, is delighted with this success:
The superb success of this call for projects shows that our strategy, led by Isabelle Delpla, was the right one, and that mobilising our researchers was particularly relevant in these three major subjects. Our ambition was to support the emergence of new cross-disciplinary collaborations with institutions throughout France. The recognition of Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University as a leading national research player is excellent news and a great encouragement for the future.

Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University is a member of the following award-winning consortia

D��moCIS : The evolution of democracies

Led by the University of Lille, in partnership with the CNRS and Inria.

Members: Grenoble Alpes University, Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University, CY Cergy Paris University, IEP Saint Germain en Laye, IEP Grenoble

Today��s multifactorial democratic crisis is challenging our societies to (re)build the commons in the face of fragmented public spaces. D��moCIS brings together an interdisciplinary group of excellence from four universities, three IEPs, the Institut Mines T��l��com, the CNRS and Inria (336 researchers and professors from 51 research units, including 16 CNRS joint research units and 1 CNRS proprietary research unit) to tackle four major challenges:

Responding to the institutional crisis through democratic innovation;
Rethinking the places and forms of citizenship expression;
Acting against the polarisation of societies and information disorder;
Strengthening threatened democracies.

ReligiS : Religions

Led by the University of Strasbourg, in partnership with the CNRS.

Members : University of Lorraine, EHESS, INALCO, Sciences Po / FNSP, Aix-Marseille University, ENS Lyon, University Lumi��re Lyon 2, the French School of Athens, Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University, EPHE, BNUS

The issue of religions has become both ubiquitous and more problematic than ever, due to the extreme complexity and diversity of its manifestations, with many questions raised in the public debate. These developments pose new questions for institutions (government, local authorities, hospitals, schools, the justice system, prisons, businesses).
ReligiS focuses on the transformation of interactions between religions and societies in the contemporary world, from a long-term perspective. Its main objective is twofold: to develop a new scientific framework, resolutely open, interdisciplinary and international, in order to rethink the processes of transforming relations between religions and societies; and to create the institutional conditions for a large-scale change in the mechanisms and actions for transferring academic knowledge on religions to political decision-makers and society.

FORESEE : The consequences of climate change: Led by Grenoble Alpes University, in partnership with the CNRS and INRAE.

Members: University of Lille, Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University, University of Bordeaux, University Montpellier 3

After decades of accumulating scientific knowledge, the consequences of climate change are now being felt, intimately and on a very large scale. The starting point of the Foresee project is that this experienced dimension of the consequences of climate change, which is still largely unexplored, is essential for understanding the diverse reactions that arise, for documenting the conflicting social dynamics they give rise to, and for proposing ways of bringing about sustainable and equitable change.
Foresee draws on the diversity of the humanities and social sciences to shed light on three interrelated issues: the plurality of discourses and arguments in the face of the consequences of climate change; the epistemological obstacles to understanding the planetary boundaries and the mechanisms of resilience, resistance and adaptation of territorial organisations; and finally the way in which (in)equality and (in)justice force us to profoundly revisit the foundations of the social contract.

Exhibition | The detail and the whole. Maps and images of the Rh?ne and Lyon area_澳门银河的网站多少

webmaster@univ-lyon3.fr (webmaster web-lyon3) — Mon, 18 Mar 2024 23:00:00 GMT

The Archives d��partementales et m��tropolitaines invite you to follow the way in which the representation of space in these areas has evolved over time.

Maps have had to respond to different, increasingly varied and complex functions. However, certain demands can be observed at all periods, such as when it comes to developing land or fortifying places.

Lyon naturally occupies a special place in this respect: cities were the focus of political and military attention from a very early stage, and mapping issues were particularly important there.

? Visit the exhibition page:
https://archives.rhone.fr/page/le-detail-et-l-ensemble-cartes-et-images-du-territoire-rhodanien-et-lyonnais

? ICHC 2024 website : https://ichc2024.univ-lyon3.fr/

Exhibition | Vulnerabilities ... what do maps say?_澳门银河的网站多少

webmaster@univ-lyon3.fr (webmaster web-lyon3) — Wed, 13 Mar 2024 23:00:00 GMT

The city of Lyon is vulnerable to a variety of events, whether sudden or long and undetectable, until they take hold and threaten. Most of these events have left behind only words, which are not enough to help us understand what happened, or how people dealt with it.

This history is sometimes represented on maps or by images that allow us to grasp its scale and particularities. From this point of view, maps came late, accompanying a vision that was increasingly informed by science.

This exhibition looks at the city from the point of view of its vulnerabilities, through documents that are rarely seen and even less shown, while today's cities are full of measures to ensure the utmost security.

? ICHC 2024 website : https://ichc2024.univ-lyon3.fr/

Exhibition | Teaching maps: on the trail of cartography at the University of Lyon_澳门银河的网站多少

webmaster@univ-lyon3.fr (webmaster web-lyon3) — Wed, 13 Mar 2024 23:00:00 GMT

Teaching cartography at the University of Lyon

This exhibition will trace the development of the teaching of cartography. It will feature a number of maps and objects specific to this discipline.

The cartographic approach has accompanied changes in the teaching of geography since the 19th century. It has always been present, and its place has gradually been consolidated within the University of Lyon.

Through the cartographic productions and collections of the various geographers and cartographers who have succeeded each other in the different universities of Lyon, we invite you to follow 150 years of geographical analyses that have been developed on site, sometimes on a local basis, sometimes covering and coming from afar.

? ICHC 2024 website : https://ichc2024.univ-lyon3.fr/

Start of term 2023: photo highlights_澳门银河的网站多少

communication@univ-lyon3.fr (com web-com) — Mon, 15 Jan 2024 23:00:00 GMT

To the beat of DJ Carl��s turntables, the University's students were able to take advantage of the free entertainment on offer throughout the day!

On the programme: information, tips, music, dance demos, sports presentations, guided tours, photobooth, temporary tattoos, student associations fair, graffiti workshop and lunch.

A festive day in the sunshine to start the new university year!

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A BIG THANK YOU TO EVERYONE FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION
AND HAVE A GREAT YEAR AT UNIVERSITY!

? Photo highlights

Exhibition | Paper trails - Maps and images of travel in France and elsewhere, 19th-21st century_澳门银河的网站多少

webmaster@univ-lyon3.fr (webmaster web-lyon3) — Tue, 22 Aug 2023 22:00:00 GMT

Mobilities are complex phenomena, combining technical, political and cultural dimensions. The circulation of a wide variety of printed documents has supported their development in recent history. These documents have different functions: helping travellers (tourist guides or maps), inspiring them (fiction, iconography), reproducing journeys (narratives and exploration itineraries).

From the nineteenth to the twenty-first centuries, individual mobilities became more complex and intense in Europe. As a result, maps and guidebooks, inseparable instruments of travel and its representation, underwent a wide range of changes. This exhibition traces these developments, from the printed guide to the digital touch screen.

? Visit the exhibition page:
https://www.bibliotheque-diderot.fr/acces-rapides/agenda/chemins-de-papier-cartes-et-images-du-voyage-en-france-et-ailleurs-xixe-xxie

? ICHC 2024 website : https://ichc2024.univ-lyon3.fr/

Exhibition | Representing the far away: an European view_澳门银河的网站多少

webmaster@univ-lyon3.fr (webmaster web-lyon3) — Tue, 18 Jul 2023 22:00:00 GMT

What is the far away?
Another world, a country, a piece of land or sea, a piece of the universe that is difficult - sometimes impossible - to reach and grasp.

The way it is perceived changes over time, depending on lifestyles, political plans and the technical resources of those who come into contact with it.

We will take a look at the distant seen from Europe and by Europeans from 1450 to 1950 and consider the critical dimension of these representations.

? Visit the exhibition page:
https://www.bm-lyon.fr/expositions-en-ligne/representer-le-lointain-un-regard-europeen-1450-1950

? ICHC 2024 website: https://ichc2024.univ-lyon3.fr/

Welcome to the students of the French Summer School 2023_澳门银河的网站多少

florence.gras@univ-lyon3.fr (webmaster web-ri) — Wed, 05 Jul 2023 22:00:00 GMT

During this 6-week program, students will follow French lessons and French Culture classes. They will also have the opportunity to explore new places as the Beaujolais, the Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, P��rouges or the Resistance Museum of Lyon to satisfy their wanderlust.

The aim of this short program is to improve their level of French while having the opportunity to discover the culture connected to this language.
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First excursion

As part of the program, the 16 international students left Lyon to explore the C?te d��Azur for a week-end in the Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer.

After a few hours of bus and a stop by the city of Arles on the way back, in the footsteps of Vincent Van Gogh, students took up residence in a seaside hotel. Accompanied by a guide, they had the opportunity to visit the streets and to learn more about the history of the Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, which roots date back to the 4th century. The visit was full of highlights, such as climbing on the top of the Eglise des Saintes, fortified against invaders and pirates, and recognizable by its five bells.

Students also enjoyed the richness and variety of Provencal landscapes during their free time, as well as a diner mixing flamenco music and Mediterranean culinary traditions.

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